Evaluación etológica del enriquecimiento con grillos (Acheta domesticus) y gusanos rey (Zophobas morio) en monos Churucos (Lagothrix lagotricha) mantenidos en cautiverio / Ethological evaluation of enrichment with crickets (Acheta domesticus) and king worms (Zophobas morio) in Churucos monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) kept in captivity / Avaliação etológica do enriquecimento com grilo-doméstico (Acheta domesticus) e superverme (Zophobas morio) em Macaco-Barrigudo (Lagothrix lagotricha) mantidos em cativerio

Resumen El cautiverio de animales silvestres produce importantes alteraciones conductuales y fisiológicas, derivadas, entre otras, de la restricción de espacio y limitada variedad alimenticia, por lo que resulta necesario el establecimiento continuo de estrategias de compensación como los enriquecimientos. La investigación tuvo como objetivo la evaluación etológica de enriquecimientos con grillos (Acheta domesticus) y gusano rey (Zophobas morio) en especímenes de monos churuco (Lagothrix lagotricha) albergados en la Unidad de Apoyo Hogar de Paso para Fauna Silvestre de la Universidad de la Amazonía, ubicada en el perímetro rural de Florencia - Caquetá, Colombia. Para su desarrollo se implementó un bioterio para la reproducción de los invertebrados utilizados en los enriquecimientos, y se trabajó con 16 especímenes primates (ocho machos y ocho hembras), para cuyo seguimiento conductual se instauraron etogramas durante 11 semanas, de las cuales, en las cuatro primeras no se aplicaron enriquecimientos con el fin de identificar el patrón conductual inicial. El análisis de las interacciones entre las variables conductuales estudiadas (alimentación, locomoción, interacciones sociales, descanso, alerta, cuidado y actividades varias), se realizó mediante la prueba LSD de Fisher (α=0,05); para identificar diferencias entre los factores fijos para cada una de las variables se empleó un análisis de varianza y se desarrolló adicionalmente un análisis de componentes principales. Como resultado principal se encontró que la implementación de los enriquecimientos generó un incremento en el tiempo de inversión para las categorías de alimentación, locomoción, interacciones sociales y actividades varias; y una disminución en la categoría de descanso, logrando así una efectiva motivación para la aparición de conductas naturales de la especie.

Abstract The captivity of wild animals produces important behavioral and physiological alterations, derived, among others, from the restriction of space and limited food variety, for which the continuous establishment of compensation strategies such as enrichment is necessary. The objective of the research was the ethological evaluation of enrichment with crickets (Acheta domesticus) and king worm (Zophobas morio) in specimens of churuco monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) housed in the support unit, Hogar de Paso para Fauna Silvestre of the Universidad de la Amazonía, located in the rural area of Florencia - Caquetá, Colombia. For its development, a vivarium was implemented for the reproduction of the invertebrates used in the enrichments, and work was done with 16 primate specimens (eight males and eight females), for whose behavioral monitoring ethograms were established for 11 weeks, of which, in the first four were not enriched to identify the initial behavioral pattern. The analysis of the interactions between the behavioral variables studied (feeding, locomotion, social interactions, rest, alertness, care and various activities), was performed using Fisher's LSD test (α=0.05); to identify differences between the fixed factors for each of the variables studied, an analysis of variance was used, and a principal components analysis was also developed. As a main result, it was found that the implementation of the enrichments generated an increase in the investment time for the categories of food, locomotion, social interactions and various activities; and a decrease in the category of rest, thus achieving an effective motivation for the appearance of natural behaviors of the species.

Resumo O cativeiro de animais silvestres gera importantes alterações comportamentais e fisiológicas, resultante, entre outras, pela restrição do espaço e a limitada variedade alimentar, para as quais foi necessário o desenvolvimento contínuo de estratégias de compensação como o enriquecimento nutricional. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a avaliação etológica do enriquecimento com grilos-domésticos (Acheta domesticus) e superverme (Zophobas morio) em espécimes de macacos-barrigudos (Lagothrix lagotricha) alojados na unidade de apoio, Hogar de Paso para Fauna Silvestre, da Universidade da Amazônia, localizada na zona rural de Florência - Caquetá, Colômbia. Para o seu desenvolvimento, foi implementado um biotério para a reprodução dos invertebrados utilizados nos enriquecimentos, e trabalhou-se com 16 espécimes de macacos (oito machos e oito fêmeas), nos quais os etogramas de acompanhamento comportamental foram estabelecidos durante 11 semanas, das quais, as quatro primeiras não foram enriquecidos para identificar o padrão comportamental inicial. A análise das interações entre as variáveis comportamentais estudadas (alimentação, locomoção, interações sociais, repouso, estado de alerta, cuidados e atividades diversas), foram realizadas por meio do teste LSD de Fisher (α=0,05); para identificar diferenças entre os fatores fixos para cada uma das variáveis estudadas, foi utilizada a análise de variância e realizou-se análise de componentes principais. Como principal resultado, se estabeleceu que a implementação dos enriquecimentos gerou um aumento no tempo utilizado para as categorias de alimentação, locomoção, interações sociais e atividades diversas; e uma diminuição na categoria de recuperação, conseguindo assim uma motivação efetiva para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos naturais dessa especie.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo del comportamiento anormal estereotipado aerofagia en el caballo criollo colombiano / Prevalence and Risk Factors of Abnormal Stereotyped Crib-Biting Behavior in the Colombian Creole Horse

RESUMEN La aerofagia es la estereotipia clásica más común en los equinos, con una etiología poca entendida; sin embargo, se reconoce por ser de naturaleza multifactorial. Además, se ha asociado con efectos negativos sobre la salud de los equinos portadores. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los factores de riesgo y la frecuencia de presentación de la aerofagia en una población de caballos criollos colombianos (CCC). Fueron encuesta-dos 42 criaderos, entre los que se presentó un total de 1063 CCC (488 machos y 575 hembras). De esta población, el 5,27% (56 animales) fue plenamente identificado con aerofagia. Esta prevalencia fue superior a la mayoría de otros reportes de Sur América. La aerofagia, posiblemente obedeció tanto a factores inherentes al animal como a factores externos relacionados con el manejo; sin embargo, se requiere el diseño de estudios longitudinales sobre prácticas de manejo y de líneas dentro de la raza para cuantificar y validar la información relacionada con la posible predisposición genética o racial a la aerofagia y a otras estereotipias y comportamientos anormales observados en estos animales.

ABSTRACT Crib-biting is the most common classic stereotype in equines, with a poorly understood etiology; however, it is recognized for being multifactorial in nature. Furthermore, it has been associated with negative effects on the health of horses. The objective of this study was to describe the risk factors and the frequency of presentation of crib-biting in a population of Colombian Creole Horses (CCC by its Spanish acronym). We surveyed Forty-two properties, which meant a total of 1063 CCC (488 males and 575 females). Of this population, 5,27% (56 animals) were fully identified with crib-biting. This prevalence was higher than most other reports in South America. Crib-biting is possibly due to both inherent of the animal and external factors related to management; however, the design of longitudinal studies on management practices and genetic lines within the breed is required to quantify and validate the information related to the possible genetic or racial predisposition for this and other stereotypes and abnormal behaviors observed in horses.

Evaluation of the effects of donepezil in psychotic disorders using Swiss albino mice

Background: Schizophrenia as a psychotic disorder is currently treated by various antipsychotic drugs. A large group of patients still remain resistant to the treatment and present in the form of residual cognitive deficits. Donepezil has been advocated at various conferences and seminars for using it in schizophrenia patients. Donepezil is currently approved drug for Alzheimer's disease to improve cognition. Hence, we have tried to assess its role for psychotic models induced by methylphenidate in mice.Methods: Methylphenidate 5 mg/kg was given by intraperitoneal (i.p) route to induce psychosis in Swiss albino mice (n=6). Donepezil was given alone in a dose of 1 mg/kg and in combination with low dose haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg and groups were compared with haloperidol 0.2 mg/kg. Activity of donepezil was also assessed on the haloperidol induced catalepsy test. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA followed by Bonferroni抯 test.Results: Methylphenidate successfully induced characteristic stereotypy behaviour in mice similar to amphetamine. Both donepezil 1 mg/kg and haloperidol 0.2 mg/kg showed significant reduction in stereotypy behaviour and there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p<0.05). Effects with donepezil were only slightly inferior to standard while it抯 combination (1 mg/kg with haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg) showed comparable results with the standard haloperidol. Donepezil had only marginally enhanced potential to induce catatonia which was statistically insignificant (p>0.05).Conclusions: Methylphenidate can be used successfully to induce psychosis in animals and donepezil may be a promising and potentially useful drug as add on therapy to routine antipsychotics.

Effects of Intraperitoneal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Administration on Nociceptive/Repetitive Behaviors in Juvenile Mice

Dysregulation of excitatory neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacological inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is widely used to model neurobehavioral pathologies and underlying mechanisms. There is ample evidence that overstimulation of NMDA-dependent neurotransmission may induce neurobehavioral abnormalities, such as repetitive behaviors and hypersensitization to nociception and cognitive disruption, pharmacological modeling using NMDA has been limited due to the induction of neurotoxicity and blood brain barrier breakdown, especially in young animals. In this study, we examined the effects of intraperitoneal NMDA-administration on nociceptive and repetitive behaviors in ICR mice. Intraperitoneal injection of NMDA induced repetitive grooming and tail biting/licking behaviors in a dose- and age-dependent manner. Nociceptive and repetitive behaviors were more prominent in juvenile mice than adult mice. We did not observe extensive blood brain barrier breakdown or neuronal cell death after peritoneal injection of NMDA, indicating limited neurotoxic effects despite a significant increase in NMDA concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings suggest that the observed behavioral changes were not mediated by general NMDA toxicity. In the hot plate test, we found that the latency of paw licking and jumping decreased in the NMDA-exposed mice especially in the 75 mg/kg group, suggesting increased nociceptive sensitivity in NMDA-treated animals. Repetitive behaviors and increased pain sensitivity are often comorbid in psychiatric disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). Therefore, the behavioral characteristics of intraperitoneal NMDA-administered mice described herein may be valuable for studying the mechanisms underlying relevant disorders and screening candidate therapeutic molecules.

Prevalencia de aerofagia y balanceo en caballos estabulados atados en un cubículo / Prevalence of Crib-Biting and Weaving in Stabled Horses Tie Stalls / Prevalência de aerofagia e balanceamento em cavalos estabulados atados em um cubículo

Resumen Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar la prevalencia de aerofagia y balanceo en caballos estabulados atados en un cubículo e investigar la relación del género y edad con las estereotipias. Se observaron 177 caballos mestizos de silla, residentes en una escuela de equitación, de ambos géneros, de 3 a 20 años de edad, distribuidos en tres edificios y mantenidos en las mismas condiciones de manejo. Para el análisis estadístico, de acuerdo al género, los caballos fueron clasificados en 2 grupos: machos castrados (n = 110) and hembras (n = 67). De acuerdo a la edad, los caballos fueron clasificados en 2 grupos: de 3 a 7 años (n = 31) y de 8 a 20 años (n = 146). Durante 3 días consecutivos un único evaluador utilizó un día por edificio observando la presencia o ausencia de aerofagia y balanceo. Cada día fue dividido en 2 periodos de observación: desde las 7:30 a 13:00 y de 14:30 a 20:00 h. Se observaron estereotipias en el 4,5% los caballos; 3,4% de los caballos presentaba aerofagia y 1.1% balanceo. No se observaron caballos que presentaran ambas estereotipias. No se encontró asociación entre la prevalencia de estereotipias y el género o edad de los caballos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el contacto visual y táctil con otros caballos como ocurre en caballos estabulados atados en un cubículo podría reducir el riesgo de desarrollar balanceo pero no de aerofagia.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of crib-biting and weaving in horses stabled in tie stalls and to investigate the relationship between gender, age, and stereotypies. One hundred and seventy-seven half-bred saddle horse residents of a riding school, of both genders and between the ages of 3 and 20, distributed in three buildings with the same management conditions, were observed. For the statistical analysis according to gender, the horses were classified into 2 groups: geldings (n = 110) and mares (n = 67). According to age, the horses were classified into 2 groups: namely, 3 to 7 years old (n = 31) and 8 to 20 years old (n = 146). During three consecutive days, a single evaluator spent one day per building observing the presence or absence of crib-biting and weaving. Each given day was divided into 2 periods of observation: from 7:30 to 13:00 and from 14:30 to 20:00. Stereotypies were observed in 4.5% of the horses, i.e., 3.4% of the horses showed crib-biting and 1.1% showed weaving. We did not find horses showing crib-biting and weaving at the same time. No association was found between the prevalence of stereotypies and either gender or age of the horses. Our results suggest that visual and tactile contact with other horses, which occurs in tie-stall housing, could reduce the risk of developing weaving in tie-stall horses but not crib-biting.

Resumo Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a prevalência de aerofagia e balanceamento em cavalos estabulados atados em um cubículo e investigar a relação do gênero e idade com as estereotipagens. Se observaram 177 cavalos mestiços de sela, residentes em uma escola de equitação, de ambos gêneros, de 3 a 20 anos de idade, distribuídos em três edifícios e mantidos nas mesmas condições de manejo. Para a análise estatística, de acordo com o gênero, os cavalos foram classificados em 2 grupos: machos castrados (n = 110) e fêmeas (n = 67). De acordo com a idade, os cavalos foram classificados em 2 grupos: de 3 a 7 anos (n = 31) e de 8 a 20 anos (n = 146). Durante 3 dias consecutivos um único avaliador utilizou um dia por edifício observando a presença ou ausência de aerofagia e balanceamento. Cada dia foi dividido em 2 períodos de observação: desde as 7:30 às 13:00 e de 14:30 às 20:00 h. Se observaram estereotipagem em 4,5% os cavalos; 3,4 % dos cavalos apresentava aerofagia e 1,1 % balanceamento. Não se observaram cavalos que apresentaram ambas estereotipagens. Não se encontrou associação entre a prevalência de estereotipagens e o gênero ou idade dos cavalos. Nossos resultados sugerem que o contato visual e tátil com outros cavalos como ocorre em cavalos estabulados atados em um cubículo poderia reduzir o risco de desenvolver balanceamento mas não de aerofagia.

Hypomania in Bobble-Head Doll Syndrome: A Case Report of Surgically Treated Stereotypy and Hypomania

A 22-year-old man was admitted with gradually aggravating stereotypic head movement with hypomania. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a large suprasellar arachnoid cyst extending into the third ventricle, with obstructive hydrocephalus, characteristic of bobble-head doll syndrome. Endoscopic fenestration of the suprasellar arachnoid cyst was performed. Stereotypic head movement stopped immediately after surgery and hypomanic symptoms gradually improved within a month. During 4 years of follow-up observation without medication, neuropsychiatric symptoms did not relapse. We report our experience of surgically treating stereotypy and hypomania in a case of bobble-head doll syndrome and discuss the possible neuropsychiatric mechanisms of this rare disease.

Versiones del padre en la enseñanza de Lacan: Estereotipia e invención, su particularidad en las toxicomanías / Versions of the father in Lacan\'s teaching: Stereotypy and invention, its particularity in drug addiction

El artículo recorre diferentes versiones de la conceptualización del padre en la enseñanza de J. Lacan, ubicando el eje entre la estereotipia y la invención como una constante en sus preocupaciones. Se aborda la clínica de las toxicomanías desde esa perspectiva.

The article covers different versions of the conceptualization of the father in the teaching of J. Lacan, placing the axis between stereotypy and invention as a constant in his concerns.

Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rat model of Tourette syndrome / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of mescenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation on Tourette syndrome(TS)model rats.MethodsStereotypies can be successfully induced in rats by intrastriatal microinfusion of TS sera.MSC suspension was bilaterally injected into the striatum.Survival and differentiation of transplanted MSC were tested through immunohistochemical analyses.ResultsFlow cytometry results demonstrated that the cells strongly expressed CD29(95.2％ ),CD105(97.2％ ),CD44(96.3％ ) and CD106 (94.1％).TS rats with MSC grafts exhibited significantly decreased stereotypic behaviors at 10 and 14 days(95.5 ±6.6,73.1 ± 6.5 vs.114.1 ± 6.0,108.0 ± 6.4).Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed survival of transplanted MSC and differentiation into neurons and astrocytes in the rat brain.ConclusionIntrastriatal transplantation of human MSC can provide therapeutic potential for TS.

Effects of intrastriatal microinfusion of sera of patients with Tourette syndrome on stereotypic behaviors in rats / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To establish animal model on the basis of the autoimmune etiology for a subset of cases of Tourette syndrome.Methods:Blood samples were drawn from patients with TS(by DSM-IV)and were sent for further enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA)to a laboratory.Eight serum samples with the highest concentration of anti-neural antibody were selected for TS model group,and 8 serum sampled with the lowest concentration of anti-neural antibody were selected for the control group.Osmotic mini pump filled with undiluted TS or control serum were microinfused into the rat striatum at a rate of 0.5 μl /h for 72 h.Stereotypic movements were recorded at 1 d,7 d,14 d and 21 d after microinfusion.Several categories of stereotypy including bites(teeth touching the cage,wood chips,vacuous chewing or other objects except the body),taffy pulling(raises of the forepaw to the mouth and face),self-gnawing,licking not associated with grooming,grooming,head shaking,paw shaking,rearing and episodic utterances(EU)were recorded.Results:The anti-neural antibody serum concentration used for TS model was(0.29±0.06) U/L,and that used in control group was (0.10±0.04) U/L.After infusion of TS sera,stereotypic behaviors in rats was increased significantly[(37.2±7.1) vs.(106.3±11.7),P=0.000].Significant difference were observed in stereotypies scores of TS rats compared to control rats after microinfusion[(106.3±11.7) vs.(31.2±6.2),P=0.000].Conclusion:Stereotypic behaviors are increased in rats after intrastriatal microinfusion of Tourette Syndrome sera under noninflammatory conditions.

Estereotipia e plasticidade na seqüência predatória de Theridion evexum keyserling 1884 (Araneae: Theridiidae) / x

Para as aranhas de teia, o forrageamento inicia-se com a seleção de um local conveniente à construção da teia, sendo a seqüência predatória iniciada no momento em que a aranha entra em contato com ou recebe algum estímulo de uma presa. Aproximação, perseguição e captura da presa dão continuidade à seqüência predatória, a qual pode apresentar diferentes graus de estereotipia e plasticidade. O presente trabalho descreve a teia de Theridionevexum (Theridiidae), bem como sua seqüência predatória frente a formiga Atta sp. e a larva do besouro Tenebrio molitor. O grau de estereotipia presente no comportamento predatório de T. evexum é avaliado e comparado ao de outras três espécies de teridídeos. As seqüências predatórias dos indivíduos de T. evexum foram filmadas, transcritas ao computador e analisadas com o auxílio do programa EthoSeq, resultando em um etograma para cada presa em questão e em uma lista de rotinas comportamentais. A teia de T. evexum possui viscosidade em toda a sua extensão. A seleção de locais com alta umidade poderia ser adaptativa nesta espécie, pois a umidade conserva as propriedades dos fios viscosos por um maior período de tempo, reduzindo o gasto provocado pela reposição de tais fios. A captura de T. evexum frente a formiga requer um maior número de mordidas e de transportes parciais, o que sugere que a imobilização desta presa seja mais difícil que a de tenébrio. Comparando a freqüência das rotinas comportamentais obtidas para formigas e tenébrios, foi possível verificar que a seqüência predatória de T. evexum não apresenta diferenças de estereotipia em função das presas utilizadas. Isto provavelmente está relacionado a mudanças evolutivas na dieta e estrutura da teia dos teridídeos, as quais provocaram uma redução na diversidade de táticas de captura desta família. Com relação às outras espécies de teridídeos, T. evexum apresentou uma predação mais estereotipada, o que parece estar relacionado com a estrutura menos...

Web-spiders' foraging behaviour starts with the selection of a suitable site for web construction. The predatory sequence is initiated following spider contact with or receipt of some stimulus from a potential prey. The sequence continues with an approach or pursuit followed by attack and capture of the prey item; spider predatory behaviour shows varying degrees of plasticity. The present study describes the web of Theridion evexum (Theridiidae), and its predatory sequence upon the ant Atta sp. and Tenebrio molitor beetle larvae. The level of stereotypy present in the predatory sequences of T. evexum was evaluated and compared with other three theridiid species. The predatory sequences of T. evexum were tape-recorded, transferred from the camera to a computer and analyzed with the assistance of EthoSeq, resulting in an ethogram for each of the prey types, and in a list of behavioural routines. The web of T. evexum has viscid elements all around. The selection of microhabitat with high humidity levels could be adaptive in this species, since the humidity conserves the viscid thread properties for a longer period of time, and thus reduces energy expenditures due to thread reposition. Preying upon ants requires more bites and partial transports than preying upon tenebrio larvae. This suggests that the immobilization of the ant is more difficult than the beetle larvae immobilization. The predatory behaviour is equally stereotyped to both prey types. This is probably related to dietary and web structure changes in the evolution from orbweavers to theridiids, which lead to a reduction in prey capture repertoire size in this family. Among the theridiids, T. evexum has the most stereotyped predatory sequence, and this seems to be associated with the low density of threads present in its web.